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istype
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There are 6 letters in ISTYPE ( E1I1P3S1T1Y4 )
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In immunology, the immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype (class) is encoded by the constant region segments of the immunoglobulin gene which form the Fc portion of an antibody. The expression of a specific isotype determines the function of an antibody via the specific binding to Fc receptor molecules on different immune effector cells. Isotype expression reflects the maturation stage of a B cell. Naive B cells express IgM and IgD isotypes with unmutated variable genes, which are produced from the same initial transcript following alternative splicing. Expression of other antibody isotypes (IgD, IgM IgG1-4, IgA1-2, IgE) occurs via a process of class-switch recombination (CSR) after antigen exposure. Class-switching is mediated by the AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase) enzyme and only occurs after the B cell binds an antigen through its B cell receptor, and is further activated through interaction with a T helper cell.Antibodies of different classes differ in their location around the body, appear at different stages of an adaptive immune response, and are often specialised to predominantly response to specific types of antigens via engagement of distinct soluble factors or immune effector cells.In humans, there are five heavy chain isotypes:* heavy chain * α – IgA * δ – IgD * γ – IgG * ε – IgE * μ – IgMIgM is the first immunoglobulin expressed during B cell development as a monomer on the surface of B naive cells. Upon antigenic stimulation, IgM+ B cells secrete multimeric IgM antibody which is formed by five Ig monomers are linked via disulphide bonds. The pentamer also contains a * polypeptide J-chain which links two of the monomers and facilitates secretion at mucosal surfaces. The pentameric structure of IgM antibodies makes them efficient at binding antigens with repetitive epitopes (e.g. bacterial capsule, viral capsid) and activation of complement cascade. As IgM antibodies are expressed early in a B cell response, they are rarely highly mutated and have broad antigen reactivity thus providing an early response to a wide range of antigens without the need for T cell help.IgD isotypes are expressed on naive B cells as they leave bone marrow and populate secondary lymphoid organs. The levels of surface expression of IgD isotype has been associated with differences in B cell activation status but their role in serum is poorly understood.The IgG, IgE and IgA antibody isotypes are generated following class-switching during germinal centre reaction and provide different effector functions in response to specific antigens. IgG is the most abundant antibody class in the serum and it is divided into 4 subclasses based on differences in the structure of the constant region genes and the ability to trigger different effector functions. Despite the high sequence similarity (90% identical on the amino acid level), each subclass has a different half-life, a unique profile of antigen binding and distinct capacity for complement activation. Ig... |