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pcro
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There are 4 letters in PCRO ( C3O1P3R1 )
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| Pcro might refer to |
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| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used technique used in molecular biology to exponentially amplify a single copy or a few copies of a specific segment of DNA to generate thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in clinical and research laboratories for a broad variety of applications including biomedical research and criminal forensics. It was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis, who was an employee of the Cetus Corporation, and was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Michael Smith in 1993 for his work in developing the method. * The vast majority of PCR methods rely on thermal cycling. Thermal cycling exposes reactants to cycles of repeated heating and cooling to permit different temperature-dependent reactions—specifically, DNA melting and enzyme-driven DNA replication. PCR employs two main reagents - primers ( which are short single strand DNA fragments known as oligonucleotides that are a complementary sequence to the target DNA region) and a DNA polymerase. In the first step of PCR, the two strands of the DNA double helix are physically separated at a high temperature in a process called DNA melting. In the second step, the temperature is lowered and the primers bind to the complementary sequences of DNA. The two DNA strands then become templates for DNA polymerase to enzymatically assemble a new DNA strand from free nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. As PCR progresses, the DNA generated is itself used as a template for replication, setting in motion a chain reaction in which the original DNA template is exponentially amplified. * Almost all PCR applications employ a heat-stable DNA polymerase, such as Taq polymerase, an enzyme originally isolated from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus. If heat-susceptible DNA polymerase is used, it will denature every cycle at the denaturation step. Before the use of Taq polymerase, DNA polymerase had to be manually added every cycle, which was a tedious and costly process.Applications of the technique include DNA cloning for sequencing, gene cloning and manipulation, gene mutagenesis; construction of DNA-based phylogenies, or functional analysis of genes; diagnosis and monitoring of hereditary diseases; amplification of ancient DNA; analysis of genetic fingerprints for DNA profiling (for example, in forensic science and parentage testing); and detection of pathogens in nucleic acid tests for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. |