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inequaty

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The answer INEQUATY has 1 possible clue(s) in existing crosswords.

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Possible Crossword Clues
Unfairness

Last Seen in these Crosswords & Puzzles
Jan 25 2002 The Guardian - Quick crossword

Inequaty might refer to
Inequity aversion in animals is the willingness to sacrifice material pay-offs for the sake of greater equality. * It manifests itself through negative responses when rewards are not distributed equally between animals. * In controlled experiments it has been observed in bonobos, chimpanzees, macaques, capuchin monkeys, tamarins, dogs, rats, and ravens, all species that cooperate naturally. * Disadvantageous inequity aversion is most common, that is, the animal protests when it gets a lesser reward than another animal. But advantageous inequity aversion has been observed as well, in chimpanzees and capuchins: the animal protests when it gets a better reward. Scientists believe that sensitivity to inequity co-evolved with the ability to cooperate, as it helps to sustain benefitting from cooperation. * The first researcher to discover inequity aversion in animals was Sarah Brosnan. She got the idea for an experiment when during a normal feeding session, handing out peanuts to the lower-ranked capuchin monkeys, an alpha male named Ozzie offered her an orange to also get a peanut. Brosnan and de Waal published the results of their first study in 2003 in Nature. They described how capuchin monkeys refused to participate in a food-for-token exchange task once they saw another monkey get rewarded more desirable food for equal effort. This effect was even stronger if they observed the partner receiving such a reward without any effort at all. * A few experimental paradigms have been used to test inequity aversion. The exchange is most common. Here animals need to hand over a token to the human experimentator in exchange for a food reward. The animals need to have good visibility of their partner and their actions, preferably close and side-by-side. The Ultimatum game is a paradigm in which one animal chooses a token, hands it over to another animal who then can decide to exchange it for rewards. These rewards depend on the type of token and can be equal for both, more for one than the other, or nothing for one of them. Repetition of this task is key so the animals have an opportunity to base their actions on previous outcomes. Another paradigm is feeding without any task. This paradigm has so far not resulted in any evidence of inequity aversion in animals.*

Inequaty might refer to

Inequity aversion in animals is the willingness to sacrifice material pay-offs for the sake of greater equality.
* It manifests itself through negative responses when rewards are not distributed equally between animals.
* In controlled experiments it has been observed in bonobos, chimpanzees, macaques, capuchin monkeys, tamarins, dogs, rats, and ravens, all species that cooperate naturally.
* Disadvantageous inequity aversion is most common, that is, the animal protests when it gets a lesser reward than another animal. But advantageous inequity aversion has been observed as well, in chimpanzees and capuchins: the animal protests when it gets a better reward. Scientists believe that sensitivity to inequity co-evolved with the ability to cooperate, as it helps to sustain benefitting from cooperation.
* The first researcher to discover inequity aversion in animals was Sarah Brosnan. She got the idea for an experiment when during a normal feeding session, handing out peanuts to the lower-ranked capuchin monkeys, an alpha male named Ozzie offered her an orange to also get a peanut. Brosnan and de Waal published the results of their first study in 2003 in Nature. They described how capuchin monkeys refused to participate in a food-for-token exchange task once they saw another monkey get rewarded more desirable food for equal effort. This effect was even stronger if they observed the partner receiving such a reward without any effort at all.
* A few experimental paradigms have been used to test inequity aversion. The exchange is most common. Here animals need to hand over a token to the human experimentator in exchange for a food reward. The animals need to have good visibility of their partner and their actions, preferably close and side-by-side. The Ultimatum game is a paradigm in which one animal chooses a token, hands it over to another animal who then can decide to exchange it for rewards. These rewards depend on the type of token and can be equal for both, more for one than the other, or nothing for one of them. Repetition of this task is key so the animals have an opportunity to base their actions on previous outcomes. Another paradigm is feeding without any task. This paradigm has so far not resulted in any evidence of inequity aversion in animals.*

Related Answers
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